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Arduino IDE syntax
General Structure
setup() | Run code once at beginning of program |
loop() | Loop code continuously |
#define X value | Replace all references to X with value at compile time |
#include library | Include library in sketch and access its functions |
Control Structures
if (expression A) {do thing A} | Do thing A if expression A is true |
else if (expression B) {do thing B} | Do thing B if expression A is false and expression B is true |
else {do thing C} | Do thing C if all the above „if“ and „else if“ blocks are false |
for(int x = 0; x < 100; x++){println(x)} | Set x to 0, then while x is less than 100, print X and increment x by 1 |
while(statement){expression} | Keep doing expression while statement is true |
do{statement}while(expression); | Like while loop, except expression is evaluated after statement runs once |
switch (var) {case 1: statement A break; case 2: statement B break; default: statement C break} | Run statement A, B or C depending on whether var is 1, 2 or a different value |
break; | Exit a for, while, do while loop or switch statement |
continue; | Skip rest of current iteration of for, while, or do while loop, start next iteration |
return value; | Terminate the function and optionally return value to the function that called it |
goto label; | Send the program flow to `label:` |
Comparison Operators
== | Equals |
!= | Is not equal to |
< | Less than |
> | Greater than |
⇐ | Less than or equal to |
>= | Greater than or equal to |
Boolean Operators
Bitwise Operators
& | And | |
| Or | |
| | Xor |
~ | Not | |
« | Bitshift left | |
» | Bitshift right | |
Compound Operators
x ++ | x=x+1 | | |
x – | x=x-1 | | |
x +=y | x=x+y | | |
x -=y | x=x-y | | |
x *=y | x=x*y | | |
x /=y | x=x/y | | |
x %=y | x=the remainder of x/y | | |
x &=y | x=x&y | | |
x | =y | x=x | y |
Constants
HIGH/LOW | Pin input or output voltage is high or low |
true/false | Boolean values |
LED_BUILTIN | Pin where built-in LED is connected |
pinMode(pin, mode) | Set pin to either INPUT, OUTPUT, or INPUT_PULLUP |
digitalWrite(pin,value) | Set pin to either HIGH or LOW |
digitalRead(pin) | Read value of pin, which will be HIGH or LOW |
analogReference(type) | Configure refence voltage used for analog input |
analogRead(pin) | Return input voltage of pin as integer between 0 and 1023 |
analogWrite(pin,value) | Output PWM wave to pin with duty cycle of value (between 0 and 255) |
Math
min(x,y) | Return the smaller of x or y |
max(x,y) | Return the greater of x or y |
abs(x) | Absolute value of x |
constrain(x,a,b) | Limit x to the range a-b, return a or b if x is too small or too large |
map(value,fromLow,fromHigh,toLow,toHigh) | Map value from one range of numbers to another |
pow(a,x) | Calculate a to the power of x |
sqrt(x) | Square root of x |
sin(x) / cos(x) / tan(x) | Sine, cosine and tangent of x |
randomSeed(x) | Start the pseudo-random number generator at point x |
random(min,max) | Generate a pseudo-random number between min (inclusive) and max (exclusive) |
Time
millis() | Return milliseconds since program started |
micros() | Return microseconds since program started |
delay(n) | Pause program for n milliseconds |
delayMicroseconds(n) | Pause program for n microseconds |