| setup() | Run code once at beginning of program |
| loop() | Loop code continuously |
| #define X value | Replace all references to X with value at compile time |
| #include library | Include library in sketch and access its functions |
| if (expression A) {do thing A} | Do thing A if expression A is true |
| else if (expression B) {do thing B} | Do thing B if expression A is false and expression B is true |
| else {do thing C} | Do thing C if all the above „if“ and „else if“ blocks are false |
| for(int x = 0; x < 100; x++){println(x)} | Set x to 0, then while x is less than 100, print X and increment x by 1 |
| while(statement){expression} | Keep doing expression while statement is true |
| do{statement}while(expression); | Like while loop, except expression is evaluated after statement runs once |
| switch(var){case X: statement X break; case Y: statement break;} | Run statement X or Y depending on whether var is X, Y or a different value |
| break; | Exit a for, while, do while loop or switch statement |
| continue; | Skip rest of current iteration of for, while, or do while loop, start next iteration |
| return value; | Terminate the function and optionally return value to the function that called it |
| goto label; | Send the program flow to `label:` |
| == | Equals |
| != | Is not equal to |
| < | Less than |
| > | Greater than |
| <= | Less than or equal to |
| >= | Greater than or equal to |
| && | And |
| || | Or |
| ! | Not |
| & | And |
| | | Or |
| ~ | Not |
| « | Bitshift left |
| » | Bitshift right |
| x ++ | x=x+1 |
| x – | x=x-1 |
| x +=y | x=x+y |
| x -=y | x=x-y |
| x *=y | x=x*y |
| x /=y | x=x/y |
| x %=y | x=the remainder of x/y |
| x &=y | x=x&y |
| HIGH/LOW | Pin input or output voltage is high or low |
| true/false | Boolean values |
| LED_BUILTIN | Pin where built-in LED is connected |
| pinMode(pin, mode) | Set pin to either INPUT, OUTPUT, or INPUT_PULLUP |
| digitalWrite(pin,value) | Set pin to either HIGH or LOW |
| digitalRead(pin) | Read value of pin, which will be HIGH or LOW |
| analogReference(type) | Configure refence voltage used for analog input |
| analogRead(pin) | Return input voltage of pin as integer between 0 and 1023 |
| analogWrite(pin,value) | Output PWM wave to pin with duty cycle of value (between 0 and 255) |
| min(x,y) | Return the smaller of x or y |
| max(x,y) | Return the greater of x or y |
| abs(x) | Absolute value of x |
| constrain(x,a,b) | Limit x to the range a-b, return a or b if x is too small or too large |
| map(value,fromLow,fromHigh,toLow,toHigh) | Map value from one range of numbers to another |
| pow(a,x) | Calculate a to the power of x |
| sqrt(x) | Square root of x |
| sin(x) / cos(x) / tan(x) | Sine, cosine and tangent of x |
| randomSeed(x) | Start the pseudo-random number generator at point x |
| random(min,max) | Generate a pseudo-random number between min (inclusive) and max (exclusive) |
| millis() | Return milliseconds since program started |
| micros() | Return microseconds since program started |
| delay(n) | Pause program for n milliseconds |
| delayMicroseconds(n) | Pause program for n microseconds |
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